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Othello
Othello
Othello
Livre électronique200 pages2 heures

Othello

Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

4/5

()

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LangueFrançais
Date de sortie1 juin 1946
Othello

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Évaluation : 3.981363272515528 sur 5 étoiles
4/5

2 576 notations50 avis

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  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    The first of the third series of Arden Shakespeare, it feels a tad experimental. However, unlike some of the later output (such as the Sonnets), this doesn't feel like it has an agenda. It's more of an overview of criticism on "Othello" with copious notes, and that's what I really expect of the Ardens.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    This is a nice edition, with a readable typeface, and appropriate notes and context, including descriptions of selected performances through 2001.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    I read this seminal tragedy for the first time in anticipation of seeing it next week at The Globe. I'm ashamed to say I have read comparatively little Shakespeare and this is only the sixth complete play I have read. It remains a classic exposition of values of racism, revenge, jealousy and repentance. There are comparatively few characters, which makes it easy to focus on the main four or five and really get under the skin of their motivations.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    Othello, believing the report of the lying Iago, believes his wife Desdemona was unfaithful to him. Much of the evidence rests on a handkerchief. It's definitely sad as are most tragedies. Sadly there are far too many people who tell lies with consequences just as devastating as the ones in this play. It also shows the consequences of jealousy.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Iago has to be one of the nastiest villains in all of literature. Good, old, Honest Iago. In a matter of hours, he takes a happily married man and a successful general and turns him into a jealous, vengeful caricature of his former self. Iago uses innuendo to sow the seeds of distrust, then sits back to watch what he's set in motion. When it looks like things are straying off course, a gentle nudge from Iago keeps things moving in the direction he's set. I'd love to believe that people like Iago exist only in fiction, but I fear that there are too many Iagos in the halls of power, intent on corrupting any whose nature is too trusting.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    My first time reading Othello to completion and I discovered the play was more about Iago than it's titular character. I found Iago somewhat wanting in characterization and I couldn't make him out. I think that to fully understand this play, I'll have to watch a screen or stage adaptation of it. I don't understand how Iago would be played. He seemed to gain nothing from his desire to undo Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, and Roderigo. He did receive some riches from stealing from Roderigo, but this was offset by no political gains (and ultimately his discovery and the accidental murder of his wife).

    I've never been a huge Spakespearean and this hasn't changed. I think to really enjoy this novel, I'd need to further study it, but since I'm not in school anymore, I don't have a reason to. I wished that the place setting was stronger, I didn't really feel Venice in it. A worthwhile read just to say I have it under my belt (and recognize when it's plot is being used in other places), but I wasn't as impressed with this as with Titus or Romeo and Juliet.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    A tale of all consuming jealousy versus virtue. Well presented by the company.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    1603, claustrofobe tragedie, over jaloezie en roddelHuiselijke tragedie; de intrige is belangrijker dan de karakters. Een ??n-thema-drama.Grote eenheid van tijd en ruimte (behalve I), blind noodlot overheerst. -Othello: neger, nobel en simpel, krachtig, maar geen subtiliteit, beheerst door zijn obsessie (jaloersheid)-Jago: fascinerende, complexe schurk, type machtswellusteling, verstrikt in zijn eigen list, maar geen andere keuze, wel ijskoud monster
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    I have difficulty understanding and enjoying Shakespeare due to the archaic language. This edition ("The Oxford Shakespeare: Othello" by Oxford World's Classics) has extensive explanatory notes on the bottom every page. This clears up the language and makes the story much more interesting and enjoyable. I expected that reading these notes frequently would interrupt the flow of the story. Instead it adds to it. I recommend this edition to anyone who enjoys a good plot story but is hindered from completely enjoying it due to the language of Shakespeare.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    It is a bit difficult to read Shakespeare in English if it is not ones mother language, but it is still an enjoyable experience. Poor Othello, deceived by his 'honest, honest' Iago.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    I don't think there is any point writing a formal review of Othello - there is nothing that a simple country boy such as myself can say that will add in any useful manner to the vast corpus of more worthy comment.It is, of course, marvellous, yet simultaneously repulsive. The manipulation of Othello by the scheming of Iago is dreadful to see. Othello contributes to, indeed almost collaborates in, his own downfall, while Desdemona is left prey to malign forces entirely beyond her control, or even her understanding.Quite frankly, I think I find it too dark and oppressive. There seems no let up, not even much in the way of Shakespeare's excruciating 'comic' roles. Iago may be my namesake (more or less) but, on balance, I think that when it comes to scheming, Machiavellian figures I prefer Bosola, Richard III or even Lorenzo from 'The Spanish Tragedy.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    Shakespeare has built thefoundation of modern drama. I can totally see in "Othello" the elements of Pinoy telanovellas. This one is a real tragedy (which Pinoy teleseryes lack - tehy always end in happy endings. Funny thing about this are the lines the characters say before they die which is very FIlipino. Characters in Shakespeare does not die easily. Cassio is also very smart, too bad he got a "too honest" wife - another common Pinoy plot but the wife is usually the bad one and the husband is not "too honest" but "too stupid". I still like "Romeo and Juliet", "AMND" and "Twelfth Night" than "Othello" and I believe that plays are better watched than read especially if its a Shakespeare play.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    Love, jealousy, lust, revenge, ambition -- it doesn't get much better than this. Iago is the consummate villain, dripping in evil. Othello is, of course, an idiot -- albeit a noble one. Very tight plot and narrative. Holds up well after hundreds of years -- that still blows me away.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    I love the rap of this! look it up on YouTube!
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    Oh how I hate this play! Desdemona is frustratingly naive, but Othello is driven mad with jealous ridiculously easily. The only character I like is Emilia. But it's a dense, rich play, and the right production can make me believe in it.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    1603, claustrofobe tragedie, over jaloezie en roddelHuiselijke tragedie; de intrige is belangrijker dan de karakters. Een één-thema-drama.Grote eenheid van tijd en ruimte (behalve I), blind noodlot overheerst. -Othello: neger, nobel en simpel, krachtig, maar geen subtiliteit, beheerst door zijn obsessie (jaloersheid)-Jago: fascinerende, complexe schurk, type machtswellusteling, verstrikt in zijn eigen list, maar geen andere keuze, wel ijskoud monster
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    Huh. Well, I'll lay myself open to charges of philistinery and admit that Othello – the only one of the Big Tragedies that I'd not read until now — disappointed me. Our noble hero is even more easily duped regarding his “beloved's” faithfulness than Claudio (Much Ado about Nothing), and the true-hearted Desdemona is even more of a doormat than Viola (Twelfth Night). Given the references I've seen so often to the “noble Moor,” I expected Othello to be an intelligent, competent, stalwart sort of fellow, who would only be misled as to his wife's faithfulness through the most devious maneuvers and false evidence. All it actually took, though, was a dropped and stolen hankie. I mean, REALLY? If Othello had given it a moment's thought he'd have remembered that Desdemona pulled the handkerchief out to mop his grumpy brow after one of his (many, many) temper tantrums, and that he dropped the thing on the floor, complaining that it was too Small for his big, manly head. What a freakin' moaner. I was appalled by his self-absorption – his whole reason for “loving” Desdemona was that she hung on his every word and felt sorry for all the troubles he'd suffered. What he wanted was not a Wife, but a particularly devoted German Shepherd. And Desdemona, who initially was an appealingly spunky girl, gets slapped around in public and dissolves into a puddle of masochistic goo. Iago is plenty villainous, but his villainy is so all encompassing that it really seems pretty pointless. He's just mean. His scheming – the astute way he uses suggestion to arouse Othello's insecurities and jealousies – is impressive at first, but after a while his one-trick character gets dull. At least Thersites (Troilus and Cressida), another evil-for-no-reason character, offers astonishingly creative invective to liven his performance, whereas when asked to explain himself Iago just harumphs and says he has no intention of explaining anything. So, the play offers seemingly endless histrionics from Othello, who somehow earned the friendship of a nice fellow like Cassio and the love of the sweet Desdemona despite the fact that all we ever see from him are braggadocio and raging insecurities, and evil schemes to no particular end but the general misery by Iago. Not one of my favorites.I read this in the Oxford Shakespeare edition, which has nice heavy paper and dark print, but I have to say that the cheap paper and larger print (and less copious notes) of the Folger editions are easier reading. I listened to the Archangel recording, which is really, really excellent. Iago is just Perfectly done, and Desdemona is wonderful. Othello – well, the actor does a great job with what he had to work with; an insecure, egotistical, hysterical bully.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    This is perhaps Shakespeare’s darkest play – featuring characters that are flawed and damaged, but which completely captivate us. Our title character – Othello, the Moor - is a highly regarded general. As the play opens he has recently eloped with the lovely Desdemona, to the consternation of her father and others who were hopeful suitors. Egged on by Iago (one of literature’s most reviled villains), they accuse Othello of somehow bewitching Desdemona, but the couple successfully convinces everyone that their love is true and pure.

    Iago is a true sociopath. Rules do not apply to him, and duplicity is second nature to him. His oily manner convinces everyone that he has only their own best interests at heart while he plants seeds of doubt everywhere, ensuring that everyone becomes suspicious and disheartened. Iago uses the other characters as his pawns some sort of game he plays for his own benefit. He particularly targets Othello, recognizes the chink in his armor is his relationship with Desdemona, and manages to turn this noble general into a homicidal, emotional wreck.

    I do wonder how Othello, Cassio, and Roderigo (among others) can be so easily swayed by Iago. Othello, in particular, should be able to see through this smarmy false friend. I’m completely perplexed by Emilia’s role in this tragedy. How can she abet her husband’s evil plans? Is she really so clueless?

    Shakespeare writes a true psychological drama, exploring the darkest human emotion and motivation.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    I actually found Othello one of the easiest of Shakespeare's plays to read. I knew the basic plot, which probably helped -- when reading the histories like Henry V, I wasn't always sure what was going to happen -- but just in general I found it by far the easiest to follow. And very real: I actually know someone who was as easily lead as astray as Othello, about someone almost as blameless as Desdemona... luckily, it didn't end as badly as this play!

    I really enjoyed this, anyway -- I'm really glad I never had it ruined by having to study it too much. (Alas for Romeo and Juliet, which -- for me -- suffered that fate.)
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    Read this in preparation for seeing it on the Boston Common tonight. This is probably the third time I've read the thing, and there's something weird about it; I like it, but I keep failing to love it. I feel like this is a personal problem; Othello's one of the best, everyone says so, right? And it has some scenes that are incredibly powerful; the (uh, spoiler alert?) bit where Othello kills Desdemona is brutal. And, of course, it has Iago, the apotheosis of Shakespeare's "As evil as I wanna be" villains.

    Maybe it's Othello himself who throws me off. He's sortof a wimp, y'know? Awfully easily manipulated, anyway. I guess he's insecure, because there's no other explanation for his fall, but that's not really reflected in anything he says - just what he does.

    Everyone always focuses on his race: "As an outsider, he doesn't believe his position is secure; therefore he's all too ready to believe Iago's lies." But none of that is really in the play. Iago, Roderigo and Desdemona's dad engage in some vicious ranting right at the beginning, but that serves to set up Othello's introduction as an eloquent, respected general; the difference between their description and his reality simply establishes their villainy.

    Traditionally, the tragic hero must have flaws that lead inexorably to his downfall; here, I'm left guessing at what Othello's flaws might be. Despite some moving scenes and the presence of one of Shakespeare's best villains, Othello doesn't stand with Shakespeare's best plays.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    I never thought I would give Shakespeare three stars out of five. There is something eerie about it. All I have to say is that Othello, being a wonderful general and seaman, becomes a very unbelievable character once he murders his wife. Such emotional and intellectual swings in this book!

    I did like Desdemona and Emilia's discussion about infidelity and femininity. That was probably the best part. Ah well.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    Despite the great dramatic aspects of this famous play, I really struggled to maintain my interest. I don't know why the language here seemed so much more difficult than in Titus Andronicus… will have to reread this someday to see if it just my inability to concentrate or whether it was actually the play that is the cause.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    A favorite since first read in 8th grade English (played the part of Cassio; the part when I got stabbed was epic). What can I say about Shakespeare? Just that Iago... wow, that Iago. And Othello... well, that Othello...
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    I've seen "Othello" performed before but never picked it up and read it through... and I'm glad I finally did. "Othello" has a reputation as one of Shakespeare's great tragedies and it is well deserved. The story is well-paced-- full of action and great passages of dialog that move the plot a long. This is one of his plays that never drags.In the play, the villainous Iago plots against the Moor Othello by driving a wedge into his marriage with Desdemonda by convincing Othello that his wife is cheating on him. Iago plays the other characters like chess pieces to achieve his aims and destroying them all in the process.Overall, this tragedy was a fun read... lots of good tidbits in the dialog to pour over, interwoven in a strong and compelling story.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Iago is EVIL! Just sayin'. Iago is the serpent of Genesis 3 in human form. He is possibly the most evil character of all of literature. Which is why this play is so amazing! I saw this performed on stage at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, but this is the first time I have ever read the play. It was good to have the visual picture of the blond haired Iago on the black background of the stage with the big, burly, black Othello contrasted on the white part of the stage, and the shift in the colors and lights when Iago gets a hold of Othello's ear. Chilling. I remember all of us who had attended the play sitting, unnerved at the end. It reaches to your heart . . . and rips it out.I think Shakespeare was meant to be heard. So, I listened to this unabridged dramatic version while following along on my Kindle. The host of actors in this were superb. Here is the cast: Othello, The Moor, a general in the service of Venice – Hugh QuarshieDesdemona, a daughter to Brabantio, and wife to Othello – Emma FieldingIago, his ancient, a villain – Anton LesserEmilia, wife to Iago – Patience TomlinsonCassio, his honourable lieutenant/2nd senator – Roger MayBianca, a courtesan, in love with Cassio – Alison PettitDuke of Venice/2nd Gentleman/Herald – Roy SpencerBrabantio, senator, father to Desdemona/3rd Gentleman/Gratiano, brother to Brabantio – Peter YappRoderigo, a Venetian gentleman/1st Gentleman/Sailor (I,iii) – John McAndrewLodovico, kinsman to Brabantio/1st Musician/1st Senator/Messenger (III) – Stephen ThorneMontano, Governor of Cyprus before Othello/Messenger (I,iii)/Clown – Jonathan Keeble
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Othello, a moor from Africa, is a well-loved and respected Venetian nobleman. After the beautiful Desdemona falls in love with him, the two wed in secret. Their blissful existence is thrown into chaos as Iago, Othello's personal attendant, begins to plant doubts of Desdemona’s faithfulness in Othello’s mind. Iago is one of the most conniving and depraved characters I’ve ever read. His cold calculating nature is sociopathic. He feels that Othello has slighted him and sets his mind to destroying his life. He moves each pawn to further his plan, all the while maintaining his alleged devotion to Othello and poisoning his thoughts with rumors of jealousy. He does it in such a calm, unbothered way that it’s all the more disturbing. The worst part of the whole things is that Othello is in the thralls of newly-wedded happiness. He and his wife Desdemona are so incredibly in love and then he acts as the tool for his own destruction. He is manipulated by someone else, but no one truly forces his hand. He allows himself to be persuaded to believe that worst about his wife and causes his own downfall by his lack of faith and trust. I loved the character of Emilia. She’s Iago’s wife, but she’s also Desdemona’s hand maid. She asks as a conscience for the players, holding them accountable when they have committed a wrong. She stands up for her lady’s honor when others doubt it. Othello pulls no punches when it comes to the issues it touches on. It deals with marital abuse, racism, trust, jealousy and more. It gives readers a lot to chew on and would be a great book to discuss. I’ve never seen this one performed live, but I’m sure it would be incredibly powerful.  
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Setting: This play reflects on the love Othello has for his wife on the island of CyprusPlot: Othello's jealous servant Iago schemes to come between the Moor and Desdemona and nearly succeeds.Characters: Othello (protagonist)- a Moor, general in Venice; Desdemona- Othello's wife; Iago (antagonist)- Othello's scheming servant; Cassio- a soldierSymbols: the handkerchiefCharacteristics: a major tragedyResponse: I understood better the performance by reading the play. I also appreciated Shakespeare's clever insights into human nature through all his characters especially Iago.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    too much talking, not enough happening. This is definitely a play that's better watched than read.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Read this for A-Level English and really enjoyed it. I love the story of Othello - my favourite Shakespeare as of yet.Iago is one of the best villains I have ever read - I absolutely loathe him but he is so fascinating. People who can manipulate you psychologically like that, tap into people's weaknesses and use them against people - truly very fascinating.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    This is a sad story.Everyone in this story is very poor.Without crying, you can't read this book.

Aperçu du livre

Othello - François Guizot

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Othello, by William Shakespeare

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or

re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

Title: Othello

Author: William Shakespeare

Translator: François Pierre Guillaume Guizot

Release Date: April 15, 2006 [EBook #18179]

Language: French

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OTHELLO ***

Produced by Paul Murray, Rénald Lévesque and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This

file was produced from images generously made available

by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica))

Note du transcripteur.

===========================================================

Ce document est tiré de:

OEUVRES COMPLÈTES DE

SHAKSPEARE

TRADUCTION DE

M. GUIZOT

NOUVELLE ÉDITION ENTIÈREMENT REVUE

AVEC UNE ÉTUDE SUR SHAKSPEARE

DES NOTICES SUR CHAQUE PIÈCE ET DES NOTES

Volume 4

Mesure pour mesure.—Othello.—Comme il vous plaira.

Le conte d'hiver.—Troïlus et Cressida.

PARIS

A LA LIBRAIRIE ACADÉMIQUE

DIDIER ET Cie, LIBRAIRES-ÉDITEURS

35, QUAI DES AUGUSTINS

1863

==========================================================

OTHELLO

OU

LE MORE DE VENISE

TRAGÉDIE

NOTICE SUR OTHELLO

«Il y avait jadis à Venise un More très-vaillant que sa bravoure et les preuves de prudence et d'habileté qu'il avait données à la guerre avaient rendu cher aux seigneurs de la république... Il advint qu'une vertueuse dame d'une merveilleuse beauté, nommée Disdémona, séduite, non par de secrets désirs, mais par la vertu du More, s'éprit de lui, et que lui à son tour, vaincu par la beauté et les nobles sentiments de la dame, s'enflamma également pour elle. L'amour leur fut si favorable qu'ils s'unirent par le mariage, bien que les parents de la dame fissent tout ce qui était en leur pouvoir pour qu'elle prît un autre époux. Tant qu'ils demeurèrent à Venise, ils vécurent ensemble dans un si parfait accord et un repos si doux que jamais il n'y eut entre eux, je ne dirai pas la moindre chose, mais la moindre parole qui ne fût d'amour. Il arriva que les seigneurs vénitiens changèrent la garnison qu'ils tenaient dans Chypre, et choisirent le More pour capitaine des troupes qu'ils y envoyaient. Celui-ci, bien que fort content de l'honneur qui lui était offert, sentait diminuer sa joie en pensant à la longueur et à la difficulté du voyage... Disdémona, voyant le More troublé, s'en affligeait, et, n'en devinant pas la cause, elle lui dit un jour pendant leur repas:—Cher More, pourquoi, après l'honneur que vous avez reçu de la Seigneurie, paraissez-vous si triste?—Ce qui trouble ma joie, répondit le More, c'est l'amour que je te porte; car je vois qu'il faut que je t'emmène avec moi affronter les périls de la mer, ou que je te laisse à Venise. Le premier parti m'est douloureux, car toutes les fatigues que tu auras à éprouver, tous les périls qui surviendront me rempliront de tourment; le second m'est insupportable, car me séparer de toi, c'est me séparer de ma vie.—Cher mari, que signifient toutes ces pensées qui vous agitent le coeur? Je veux venir avec vous partout où vous irez. S'il fallait traverser le feu en chemise, je le ferais. Qu'est-ce donc que d'aller avec vous par mer, sur un vaisseau solide et bien équipé?—Le More charmé jeta ses bras autour du cou de sa femme, et avec un tendre baiser lui dit: Que Dieu nous conserve longtemps, ma chère, avec un tel amour!—et ils partirent et arrivèrent à Chypre après la navigation la plus heureuse.

«Le More avait avec lui un enseigne d'une très-belle figure, mais de la nature la plus scélérate qu'il y ait jamais eu au monde...e méchant homme avait aussi amené à Chypre sa femme, qui était belle et honnête; et, comme elle était italienne, elle était chère à la femme du More, et elles passaient ensemble la plus grande partie du jour. De la même expédition était un officier fort aimé du More; il allait très-souvent dans la maison du More, et prenait ses repas avec lui et sa femme. La dame, qui le savait très-agréable à son mari, lui donnait beaucoup de marques de bienveillance, ce dont le More était très-satisfait. Le méchant enseigne ne tenant compte ni de la fidélité qu'il avait jurée à sa femme, ni de l'amitié, ni de la reconnaissance qu'il devait au More, devint violemment amoureux de Disdémona, et tenta toutes sortes de moyens pour lui faire connaître et partager son amour...ais elle, qui n'avait dans sa pensée que le More, ne faisait pas plus d'attention aux démarches de l'enseigne que s'il ne les eût pas faites... Celui-ci s'imagina qu'elle était éprise de l'officier... L'amour qu'il portait à la dame se changea en une terrible haine, et il se mit à chercher comment il pourrait, après s'être débarrassé de l'officier, posséder la dame, ou empêcher du moins que le More ne la possédât; et, machinant dans sa pensée mille choses toutes infâmes et scélérates, il résolut d'accuser Disdémona d'adultère auprès de son mari, et de faire croire à ce dernier que l'officier était son complice... Cela était difficile, et il fallait une occasion... Peu de temps après, l'officier ayant frappé de son épée un soldat en sentinelle, le More lui ôta son emploi. Disdémona en fut affligée et chercha plusieurs fois à le réconcilier avec son mari. Le More dit un jour à l'enseigne que sa femme le tourmentait tellement pour l'officier qu'il finirait par le reprendre.—Peut-être, dit le perfide, que Disdémona a ses raisons pour le voir avec plaisir.—Et pourquoi, reprit le More?—Je ne veux pas mettre la main entre le mari et la femme; mais si vous tenez vos yeux ouverts, vous verrez vous-même.—Et quelques efforts que fît le More, il ne voulut pas en dire davantage¹.»

Note 1: (retour)

Hecatommythi ovvero cento novelle di G.-B. Giraldi Cinthio part. I, décad. III, nov. 7, pages 313-321; édition de Venise, 1508.

Le romancier continue et raconte toutes les pratiques du perfide enseigne pour convaincre Othello de l'infidélité de Desdémona. Il n'est pas, dans la tragédie de Shakspeare, un détail qui ne se retrouve dans la nouvelle de Cinthio: le mouchoir de Desdémona, ce mouchoir précieux que le More tenait de sa mère, et qu'il avait donné à sa femme pendant leurs premières amours; la manière dont l'enseigne s'en empare, et le fait trouver chez l'officier qu'il veut perdre; l'insistance du More auprès de Desdémona pour ravoir ce mouchoir, et le trouble où la jette sa perte; la conversation artificieuse de l'enseigne avec l'officier, à laquelle assiste de loin le More, et où il croit entendre tout ce qu'il craint; le complot du More trompé et du scélérat qui l'abuse pour assassiner l'officier; le coup que l'enseigne porte par derrière à celui-ci, et qui lui casse la jambe; enfin tous les faits, considérables ou non, sur lesquels reposent successivement toutes les scènes de la pièce, ont été fournis au poëte par le romancier, qui en avait sans doute ajouté un grand nombre à la tradition historique qu'il avait recueillie. Le dénoûment seul diffère; dans la nouvelle, le More et l'enseigne assomment ensemble Desdémona pendant la nuit, font écrouler ensuite sur le lit où elle dormait le plafond de la chambre, et disent qu'elle a été écrasée par cet accident. On en ignore quelque temps la vraie cause. Bientôt le More prend l'enseigne en aversion, et le renvoie de son armée. Une autre aventure porte l'enseigne, de retour à Venise, à accuser le More du meurtre de sa femme. Ramené à Venise, le More est mis à la question et nie tout; il est banni, et les parents de Desdémona le font assassiner dans son exil. Un nouveau crime fait arrêter l'enseigne, et il meurt brisé par les tortures. «La femme de l'enseigne, dit Giraldi Cinthio, qui avait tout su, a tout rapporté, depuis la mort de son mari, comme je viens de le raconter.»

Il est clair que ce dénoûment ne pouvait convenir à la scène; Shakspeare l'a changé parce qu'il le fallait absolument. Du reste il a tout conservé, tout reproduit; et non-seulement il n'a rien omis, mais il n'a rien ajouté; il semble n'avoir attaché aux faits mêmes presque aucune importance; il les a pris comme ils se sont offerts, sans se donner la peine d'inventer le moindre ressort, d'altérer le plus petit incident.

Il a tout créé cependant; car, dans ces faits si exactement empruntés à autrui, il a mis la vie qui n'y était point. Le récit de Giraldi Cinthio est complet; rien de ce qui semble essentiel à l'intérêt d'une narration n'y manque; situations, incidents, développement progressif de l'événement principal, cette construction, pour ainsi dire extérieure et matérielle, d'une aventure pathétique et singulière, s'y rencontre toute dressée; quelques-unes des conversations ne sont même pas dépourvues d'une simplicité naïve et touchante. Mais le génie qui, à cette scène, fournit des acteurs, qui crée des individus, impose à chacun d'eux une figure, un caractère, qui fait voir leurs actions, entendre leurs paroles, pressentir leurs pensées, pénétrer leur sentiments; cette puissance vivifiante qui ordonne aux faits de se lever, de marcher, de se déployer, de s'accomplir; ce souffle créateur qui, se répandant sur le passé, le ressuscite et le remplit en quelque sorte d'une vie présente et impérissable; c'est là ce que Shakspeare possédait seul; et c'est avec quoi, d'une nouvelle oubliée, il a fait Othello.

Tout subsiste en effet et tout est changé. Ce n'est plus un More, un officier, un enseigne, une femme, victime de la jalousie et de la trahison. C'est Othello, Cassio, Jago, Desdémona, êtres réels et vivants, qui ne ressemblent à aucun autre, qui se présentent en chair et en os devant le spectateur, enlacés tous dans les liens d'une situation commune, emportés tous par le même événement, mais ayant chacun sa nature personnelle, sa physionomie distincte, concourant chacun à l'effet général par des idées, des sentiments, des actes qui lui sont propres et qui découlent de son individualité. Ce n'est point le fait, ce n'est point la situation qui a dominé le poëte et où il a cherché tous ses moyens de saisir et d'émouvoir. La situation lui a paru posséder les conditions d'une grande scène dramatique; le fait l'a frappé comme un cadre heureux où pouvait venir se placer la vie. Soudain il a enfanté des êtres complets en eux-mêmes, animés et tragiques indépendamment de toute situation particulière et de tout fait déterminé; il les a enfantés capables de sentir et de déployer, sous nos yeux, tout ce que pouvait faire éprouver et produire à la nature humaine l'événement spécial au sein duquel ils allaient se mouvoir; et il les a lancés dans cet événement, bien sûr qu'à chaque circonstance qui lui serait fournie par le récit, il trouverait en eux, tels qu'il les avait faits, une source féconde d'effets pathétiques et de vérité.

Ainsi crée le poëte, et tel est le génie poétique. Les événements, les

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