Découvrez des millions d'e-books, de livres audio et bien plus encore avec un essai gratuit

Seulement $11.99/mois après la période d'essai. Annulez à tout moment.

Le Roi Lear (King Lear in French)
Le Roi Lear (King Lear in French)
Le Roi Lear (King Lear in French)
Livre électronique189 pages2 heures

Le Roi Lear (King Lear in French)

Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles

4/5

()

Lire l'aperçu

À propos de ce livre électronique





Traduit par François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (1787 - 1874), historien français et homme d'État. Publié en 1864. Selon Wikipedia: "Le Roi Lear est une tragédie de William Shakespeare: le personnage titre descend dans la folie après avoir bêtement disposé de ses biens entre deux de ses trois filles en raison de leur flatterie, ce qui entraîne des conséquences tragiques pour tous. basé sur la légende de Leir of Britain, un roi celtique pré-romain mythologique, il a été largement adapté à la scène et au cinéma, et le rôle de Lear a été convoité et joué par de nombreux acteurs parmi les plus accomplis au monde.



LangueFrançais
Date de sortie1 mars 2018
ISBN9781455426164
Le Roi Lear (King Lear in French)
Auteur

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (1564–1616) is arguably the most famous playwright to ever live. Born in England, he attended grammar school but did not study at a university. In the 1590s, Shakespeare worked as partner and performer at the London-based acting company, the King’s Men. His earliest plays were Henry VI and Richard III, both based on the historical figures. During his career, Shakespeare produced nearly 40 plays that reached multiple countries and cultures. Some of his most notable titles include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar. His acclaimed catalog earned him the title of the world’s greatest dramatist.

Auteurs associés

Lié à Le Roi Lear (King Lear in French)

Livres électroniques liés

Arts du spectacle pour vous

Voir plus

Articles associés

Catégories liées

Avis sur Le Roi Lear (King Lear in French)

Évaluation : 4.077978896353168 sur 5 étoiles
4/5

2 084 notations54 avis

Qu'avez-vous pensé ?

Appuyer pour évaluer

L'avis doit comporter au moins 10 mots

  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Classic Shakespeare tragedy.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    another play. another dreary subject. another tragic ending.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    A fairly quick read. I didn't love it as much as I remember. Lear was way obsessed with 'nature' and the whole thing was so pompous. But not as bad as some of his other stuff.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    The division of the Kingdom begins the play with first, the Earls of Kent and Gloucester speculating on the basis for the division and second, the actual division by Lear based on professions of love requested from his three daughters. When this event goes not as planned the action of the play ensues and the reader is in for a wild ride, much as Lear himself.The play provides one of Shakespeare's most thoroughly evil characters in Edmund while much of the rest of the cast is aligned against each other with Lear the outcast suffering along with the Earl of Gloucester who is tricked by his bastard son Edmund into believing that his other son Edgar is plotting against him. While there are some lighter moments the play is generally very dark filled with the bitter results of Lear's poor decisions at the outset. Interestingly we do not get much of a back story and find, other than his age of four score years, little else to suggest why Lear would surrender his power and his Kingdom at the outset. The play is certainly powerful and maintains your interest through dramatic scenes, while it also provides for many questions - some of which remain unanswered.
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    Een van de krachtigste stukken van Shakespeare; een confrontatie van extremen.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    This is especially devastating because (sorry, Aristotle's Poetics, but indeed because) it departs from the conventions of good Greek tragedy. Nobody's led astray slickly by their tragic flaw;* Lear's ennobled by suffering perhaps but at the start he's no philosopher king (as I'd envisioned) but a belching, beer can crushing Dark Ages thug lord who definitely brings it on himself, but not in any exquisite "his virtue was his fall" way. Cordelia is, not an ungrateful, but an ungracious child whose tongue is a fat slab of ham and who can't even manage the basic level of social graces to not spark a family feud that leaves everyone killed (surely a low bar!!). Goneril and Regan are straight-up venial malice, Shakespeare's Pardoner and Summoner; Edmund, obviously, charismatic, but a baaaad man; and the default good guys, the ones with the chance to win the day and transform this blood-filled torture show into two hours' pleasing traffic of the stage, obviously fumble it bigly (Albany, unbrave and too subtle; Kent, brave and too unsubtle; Gloucester, a spineless joke; and what is Edgar doing out in that wilderness when he should be teaming up with Cordelia and Kent to plan an invasion that's a MacArthuresque comeback and not a disaster, to go down as the plucky band of good friends who renewed the social compact with their steel and founded a second Camelot, a new England). They're not all monsters, and there are frequent glimmers of greatness, but they fuck it all up; in other words, they're us.And then Lear's madness has much too much of, like, an MRA drum circle meeting, with the Fool and Kent and Edgar/John o'Bedlam (that's a name, that) farting around the wastes going "Fuckin' bitches, can't live with em, can't smack em one like they deserve" (though of course this is a Shakespearean tragedy, so everyone pretty much gonna get smacked one sooner or later). Not tragic flaws, in other words, but just flaws, with only glimmers of the good, and all the more devastating for that because all the more real. It's haaard to keep it together for a whole lifetime and not degenerate into a sad caricature of you at your best, or you as you could have been, and I wonder how many families start out full of love and functional relations and wind up kind of hating each other in a low key way just because of the accretion of mental abrasions plus the occasional big wound and because life is long.This seems like a family that just got tired of not hating each other, standing in for a social order that's gotten tired of basically working from day to day, and everyone's just itching to flip the table and ruin Thanksgiving. I have little faith, post-play, that Edgar or Albany in charge will salvage the day--historically, of course, their analogues did not--and it's gonna be a long hard road to a fresh start (we don't of course try to find one such in the actual history--I mean, 1066?--pretty sure fresh starts don't happen in actual history--but I trust the general point is clear). This seems like the most plausible/least arbitrary of Shakespeare's tragedies, I am saying here, and thus also the most desolate, and one with lessons for any family (cf., say, Hamlet, with its very important lessons for families where the mother kills the dad and marries his brother and the dad's ghost comes back to tell the son to kill his uncle, a niche market to say the least), and one that I'll revisit again and again.*Side note, my friend Dan calls me "My favourite Hamartian," and I'm recording that here because we may grow apart and I may forget that but I never want to forget really and so, hope to find it here once more
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Teaching it for the second time. The Folger edition is okay, but it badly needs to be updated; and the illustrations in the facing page are, to my mind, badly chosen, unless they're meant only to promote the grandeur of the Folger library. I think they would have done much better to provide photos of scenes taken from various productions/films/adaptations of Lear; no doubt the students would pay more attention to such things, to say nothing of nonexpert instructors like me.

    Oh, the play: certainly very good at cutting the legs out from under the notion that suffering can be redemptive. Lear discovers compassion and love, Gloucester grows up, but what do they get? Death. And what are we left with? The two appalling milquetoast prigs, Albany and Edgar,* perhaps the two characters in Lear who understand least well what the whole thing is about. At least Kent has the grace to go off and wait to die.

    * Hilarious: I just googled these names and the second hit is some plagiarism mill that's selling an essay that reads "Albany and Edgar both possess honest and kind characters." You have got to be kidding me! Please, please, please let someone try to get this paper past me. How stupid or desperate would someone have to be to pay for a paper that's, at best, a B-?
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    My absolute favorite Shakespeare play. Extra love for the fact that this came up when I searched for Stephen King.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    I don’t really know what to say about King Lear, or anything by Shakespeare, really. A summary would be redundant and out of place. So would gushing about the stunning beauty of the poetry, or how this is some of the greatest writing in the history of the English language, or any language.Only one thing comes to mind when I think of Shakespeare’s greatest plays. Think what you will of Harold Bloom (and there are certainly many opinions about him), I always think, more than anything else, of the title of his book of essays on the plays: “Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human.” Is the title a typically hyperbolic publishing stunt? The more I read and re-read the plays, the less I’m starting to think so. Words simply fail me. They really do. The wonderful things about Modern Library/RSC edition are the introduction, critically informed notes on the text, folio notes, and a sizeable section on historically important performances of “King Lear.” These do a superb job of contextualizing the play, especially in how it performed on stage.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Maybe the fifteenth time I've read Lear (this time in the tiny red-leather RSC edition). Always impressed, especially with the curses and curse-like screeds. I can't stand Lear onstage, particularly the blinding of Gloster (so spelled in this edition). How sharper than a serpants teeth it is / to have a thankless child--though having a thankless parent like Lear, Act I Sc I, ain't so great either. I do love the Russian film Lear with music by Shostakovich, and the King's grand route through his bestiary of hawks and eagles.I suppose this is Shakespeare's great (that's redundant, since "Sh" is mostly "great") assessment of homelessness. The undeservingly roofless. it is also his only play on retirement, which he recommends against. Or perhaps Lear should have had a condo in Florida? Of course, his hundred knights, a problem for the condominium board, as it was for his daughters. And Shakespeare, who says in a sonnet he was "lame by fortune's despite" also addresses the handicapped here, recommending tripping blind persons to cheer them up.Of course, Lear has his personal Letterman-Colbert, the Fool, so he doesn't need a TV in the electrical storm on the heath. That's fortunate, because it would have been dangerous to turn on a TV with all that lightening. The play seems also to recommend serious disguises like Kent's dialects and Edgar's mud. Next time I go to a party I'll think about some mud, which reduces Edgar's likelihood of being killed by his former friends.And finally, the play touches on senility, where Lear cannot be sure at first Cordelia is his daughter.I'm not sure, but the author may be recommending senility as a palliative to tragedy--and to aging. A friend of mine once put it, "Who's to say the senile's not having the time of his life?"
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    Fourth book of the readathon. Read in snatches during a car journey and between acts in a concert! Which is probably not the best way to experience Shakespeare, laying aside the issue that I think the best way to experience it is by watching it, but I enjoyed it. I've always rather liked Cordelia, with her steadfast truthfulness, and I do remember some very vivid mental images regarding eyes being put out when, at the age of nine, I read a children's version of the story.

    And of course, Shakespeare's use of language, his sense of timing, his grasp of what will look good on stage -- that's as expected: he was a master.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    There is an abundance of reviews, essays, opinions and prejudicial comments available when talking about Shakespeare. It would seem that the man was incapable of jotting down a bad sentence, let alone a bad story, at least, that's the veil they hand you when calling Shakespeare, morbidly referred to as 'Willy' by those who know the first three lines of Hamlet's 'to be or not to be'-speech, 'the greatest writer of all time'.

    In this review, I shall not beshame my opinion by calling anyone Willy, Shakey, Quilly or by using the word 'Shakespearean'. 'King Lear' is not the strongest play in the exuberant repertoire of Shakespeare. It is, however, one of the more reader-friendly ones, which means you don't need a detailed map of familial relations to follow the plot. The story of King Lear relies heavily on stories that already existed at the time, but had only served as traditional folk tales or as long forgotten myths. For those who are oblivious to the plot - King Lear wants to divide his kingdom between his three daughters, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. Whereas Goneril and Regan go out of their proverbial ways to flatter their father, Cordelia remains reticent (but honest). Which, of course, is not much appreciated. What follows resembles the story of Oedipus, that other Blind King who slowly wandered into his own destruction. Gloucester, one of the side characters, actually does lose his eyes.

    'King Lear', in the end, is a reflection on power and what one will do to achieve it. Even though it might be a bit stale nowadays, it still holds true to its message, and for those who enjoy Shakespeare's husky metaphor, this play will provide you with all the ammunition needed.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    When people want to rank Shakespeare's plays, usually Hamlet comes out as number one. This, in my experience, is the only other of his plays that I have seen mentioned as his greatest. If I were to rank his plays solely based upon their impact upon the world, I would probably agree with the usual placement of Hamlet as number one. However, were I to rank them based upon their impact on me, Lear gets the nod. Lear accurately and horrifyingly portrays the primal nature of man like few other works of literature; the only other to come to my mind is Lord of the Flies. Yet it's more than that; Lord of the Flies can afford to ignore the effects of sexual attraction and familial ties upon our nature, but Lear (the work, not the character) meets these head-on and uses them to devastating effect. This play alone would guarantee Shakespeare a place as one of the greatest English authors. With the rest of his body of work, there's no question that he is the greatest.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    King LearWilliam ShakespeareThursday, March 27, 2014 In my Shakespeare class, senior year of college, the professor thought this was the play central to understanding Shakespeare. The tale is familiar; Lear gives up his Kingdom to avoid the cares of ruling, dividing it among his daughters. Cordelia, the most honest, points out that she owes him a duty but also owes her fiancé, the King of France, love and affection. Lear casts her out, because she is not as effusive as her sisters, Regan and Goneril. Goneril, hosts the King first, instructs her servants to ignore his knights, and when he goes to Regan, she sends a letter to ensure he is cast out there as well. Lear goes mad in a storm, succored by Kent, a loyal knight whose advice was unwelcome in the initial scene, and by Edgar, the son of the Earl of Gloucester, who has been usurped by the machinations of Edmund, a bastard son, and who is the lover of Regan and Goneril. Cordelia brings an army to rescue Lear, but is defeated, and in the schemes of Edmund is killed in captivity. Regan dies, poisoned by Goneril jealous of Edmund, Goneril dies by suicide after Edmund is killed by Edgar, Gloucester dies after a blinding, and Lear dies of heart attack. Lear's speeches while mad are the essence of the mature understanding of the human situation "Striving to better, oft' we mar what's well""Let me kiss your hand!" Lear, in response "Let me wipe it first, it smells of mortality"Leather bound, Franklin Library, Tragedies of Shakespeare ($34.60 4/28/2012)
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Excellent work. I saw this performed at the Great River Shakespeare Festival in Winona, MN. Very powerful performance. I liked this edition in particular because it explained the nuances of the language right next to the original text. That plus the performance made this easier to understand.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    I enjoy the Folger editions of Shakespeare - to each his own in this matter. Some find Lear to be overblown, I am tremendously moved by it, and haunted by the image of the old man howling across the barren heaths with his dead daughter in his arms. 'I am bound upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears Do scald like molten lead.' Lear 4.7.52-54
  • Évaluation : 4 sur 5 étoiles
    4/5
    Thoughts on the play: -A classic tragedy in which almost everyone dies at the end. -I really didn't have much sympathy for Lear. He acted incredibly foolishly, not just once in turning his back on Cordelia, but many times. -At first, Goneral seemed to be acting reasonably. If Lear had restrained his knights, much of the tragedy would have been lessened. (This was one of the foolish actions of Lear's I mentioned above.) However, as the plot moves on, she is revealed as being more and more terrible. -Edmund struck me as the villain, and he also acted as a catalyst for villainy. So I found the scene at near the end after he & Edgar had dueled a bit hard to believe - after everything, Edgar just forgives him!?! -I was shocked when Cornwall plucks out Gloucester's eyes. I didn't know that was going to happen! Gloucester struck me as the true tragic hero, rather than Lear. Both of them cast off deserving children, but Gloucester realized his error and suffered for it. It wasn't clear to me that Lear recognized his own faults the way Gloucester did.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    This is my favorite Shakespeare tragedy. The plot, language, and characterization show the dramatist at his mature best.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    I'm somewhat biased: Lear is my favorite play written since the time of Euripides (who wrote later than my absolute favorites Aeschylus and Sophocles).The cast and execution of the Naxos audiobook are also excellent. I would list the cast, but the combination of blurred lines between book and performance and my own laziness and busy schedule prohibit me.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    Compare to his other masterpieces, this was for me too wide in character and at the same time lacking the intimacy of baseline human feelings or experience. "Thy truth be thy dower."
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    The writer I feel most in awe of, by a mile, is Shakespeare. I'm not going to say anything much about him because it's all been said, so I'll just say he's the boss, and the play that most shocks and thrills and saddens me is King Lear. But I could almost have said exactly the same about most of the plays he wrote. Every time I experience him in performance I feel overwhelmed by his brilliance, and I just have to shut up before I get too sycophantic.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    Another great tragic tale as told my Shakespeare. Like all his plays, you're able to dig deep into this story and draw out tons of stories, themes and hidden meanings out of all its layers. An enjoyable read for any Shakespeare enthusiast.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    Shakespeare, William. King Lear. University of Virginia Electronic Text Center, 15XX. This is my favorite Shakespeare play. I don't know if I would have re-read it now if I hadn't had a copy on my iPaq and needed something to read at night without disturbing Molly and Tony on our trip to Madrid. I like Lear for its apocalyptic vision and because I think the transition from one generation to the next is an interesting topic. The paper I wrote on this play in college, which compares Edgar to the Fool, is one of my favorites.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    A very enjoyable edition. Unlike most of the Arden editions, Foakes comes across more as an educator than an academic-among-friends. This does mean occasionally that he'll cover ground most professional-level readers already understand, but it makes this a really well-rounded introduction to the play.

    The decision here is to incorporate both Quarto and Folio texts in one, with the differences clearly delineated. It's probably the best possible option for this play, and well done.
  • Évaluation : 3 sur 5 étoiles
    3/5
    The illustrations are unremarkable.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    At the risk of sounding flippant, I realized that there are two productions of King Lear that need to be done: one set in the Klingon Empire, and the other performed by Monty Python. Go ahead, I dare you, read Poor Tom's lines like Eric Idle and try not to laugh!
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    There's probably nothing more I can say about this book, since it's been studied for a long time. But although this was a school book, for my Independent Oral Commentary, I really grew to love this book. Shakespeare's mastery of the English language is obvious here. From the truncated but meaningful dialogue, with the most famous probably being "Nothing my Lord". These three words manage to express love, and I have the utmost respect for Shakespeare for writing this. Even after our IOC, we are still influenced by this wonderful play. One friend proceeded to enact the storm scene in the rain (from sheer joy), and this was one of the most quoted books in our inscriptions to our Teacher on Teacher's Day. I could go on and on, but "no, let me shun that. That way madness lies" (Too much of a good thing can be bad after all)
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    If I could only recommend one Shakespeare Play it would be King Lear.
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    This is my favorite of all of Shakespeare's works. Blood, death, and treachery. Who could ask for more!
  • Évaluation : 5 sur 5 étoiles
    5/5
    The proud King Lear disowns his most dutiful daughter and is consequently betrayed by his other two. A bastard son betrays both his brother and father out of jealousy and malice. I think it is the saddest of his tragedies, and it moves very quickly to me (though not as quickly as Macbeth). It is also really one of the most profound expressions of human suffering ever written in the English language. The play sees deeply into the soul, and so I would often linger a bit on a line or speech with a quiet awe. The actions pierce its characters with a sad, penetrating irony. The eyes will eventually see in their blindness. The heart bleeds and the storm rages. It is depressing, yes. But in all, as depraved as its villains are, I also read in King Lear what is very beautiful about humanity and kinship, however frail it may appear teetering on the edge of a cliff: compassion, loyalty, charity, and mercy.

Aperçu du livre

Le Roi Lear (King Lear in French) - William Shakespeare

LE ROI LEAR, TRAGÉDIE PAR WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, TRADUCTION DE M. GUIZOT

published by Samizdat Express, Orange, CT, USA

established in 1974, offering over 14,000 books

Other Shakespeare tragedies in French translation (by M. Guizot):

Antoine et Cléopâtre

Coriolan

Hamlet

Jules César

Macbeth

Othello ou le More de Venise

Roméo et Juliette

Timon d'Athènes

Titus Andronicus

Troïlus et Cressida

feedback welcome: info@samizdat.com

visit us at samizdat.com

Ce document est tiré de: OEUVRES COMPLÈTES DE SHAKSPEARE

NOUVELLE ÉDITION ENTIÈREMENT REVUE AVEC UNE ÉTUDE SUR SHAKSPEARE DES NOTICES SUR CHAQUE PIÈCE ET DES NOTES

PARIS A LA LIBRAIRIE ACADÉMIQUE DIDIER ET Cie, LIBRAIRES-ÉDITEURS 35, QUAI DES AUGUSTINS 1862

NOTICE SUR LE ROI LEAR

PERSONNAGES

ACTE PREMIER

SCÈNE I,  Salle d'apparat dans le palais du roi Lear.

SCÈNE II,  Une salle dans le château du duc de Glocester.

SCÈNE III,  Appartement dans le palais du duc d'Albanie.

SCÈNE IV,  Une salle du palais.

SCÈNE V,  Une cour devant le palais d'Albanie.

ACTE DEUXIÈME

SCÈNE I,  Une cour dans le château du duc de Glocester.

SCÈNE II,  Devant le château de Glocester.

SCÈNE III,  Une partie de la bruyère.

SCÈNE IV,  Devant le château de Glocester.

ACTE TROISIÈME

SCÈNE I,  Une bruyère.--On entend le bruit d'un orage accompagné de tonnerre et d'éclairs.

SCÈNE II,  La tempête redouble.

SCÈNE III,  Une salle du château de Glocester.

SCÈNE IV,  Une partie de la bruyère où l'on voit une hutte.--L'orage continue.

SCÈNE V,  Un appartement du château de Glocester.

SCÈNE VI,  Une chambre dans une ferme joignant au château.

SCÈNE VII,  Un appartement du château de Glocester.

ACTE QUATRIÈME

SCÈNE I, Une vaste campagne.

SCÈNE II,  Devant le palais du duc d'Albanie.

SCÈNE III,  Le camp français près de Douvres.

SCÈNE IV,  Toujours dans le camp.--Une tente.

SCÈNE V,  Un appartement dans le château de Glocester.

SCÈNE VI,  Dans la campagne près de Douvres.

SCÈNE VII,  Une tente dans le camp des Français.--Lear est endormi sur un lit; près de lui sont un médecin, le gentilhomme et plusieurs autres personnes.

ACTE CINQUIÈME

SCÈNE I,  Le camp des Anglais, près de Douvres.

SCÈNE II,  Un espace entre les deux camps.

SCÈNE III,  Le camp anglais, près de Douvres.

NOTICE SUR LE ROI LEAR

 En l'an du monde 3105, disent les chroniques, pendant que Joas régnait à Jérusalem, monta sur le trône de la Bretagne Leir, fils de Baldud, prince sage et puissant, qui maintint son pays et ses sujets dans une grande prospérité, et fonda la ville de Caeirler, maintenant Leicester. Il eut trois filles, Gonerille, Régane et Cordélia, de beaucoup la plus jeune des trois et la plus aimée de son père. Parvenu à une grande vieillesse, et l'âge ayant affaibli sa raison, Leir voulut s'enquérir de l'affection de ses filles, dans l'intention de laisser son royaume à celle qui mériterait le mieux la sienne. «Sur quoi il demanda d'abord à Gonerille, l'aînée, comment bien elle l'aimait; laquelle appelant ses dieux en témoignage, protesta qu'elle l'aimait plus que sa propre vie, qui, par droit et raison, lui devait être très-chère; de laquelle réponse le père, étant bien satisfait, se tourna à la seconde, et s'informa d'elle combien elle l'aimait; laquelle répondit (confirmant ses dires avec de grands serments) qu'elle l'aimait plus que la langue ne pouvait l'exprimer, et bien loin au-dessus de toutes les autres créatures du monde.» Lorsqu'il fit la même question à Cordélia, celle-ci répondit: «Connaissant le grand amour et les soins paternels que vous avez toujours portés en mon endroit (pour laquelle raison je ne puis vous répondre autrement que je ne pense et que ma conscience me conduit), je proteste par-devant vous que je vous ai toujours aimé et continuerai, tant que je vivrai, à vous aimer comme mon père par nature; et si vous voulez mieux connaître l'amour que je vous porte, assurez-vous qu'autant vous avez en vous, autant vous méritez, autant je vous aime, et pas davantage.» Le père, mécontent de cette réponse, maria ses deux filles aînées, l'une à Henninus, duc de Cornouailles, et l'autre à Magtanus, duc d'Albanie, les faisant héritières de ses États, après sa mort, et leur en remettant dès lors la moitié entre les mains. Il ne réserva rien pour Cordélia. Mais il arriva qu'Aganippus, un des douze rois qui gouvernaient alors la Gaule, ayant entendu parler de la beauté et du mérite de cette princesse, la demanda en mariage; à quoi l'on répondit qu'elle était sans dot, tout ayant été assuré à ses deux soeurs; Aganippus insista, obtint Cordélia et l'emmena dans ses États.

Cependant les deux gendres de Leir, commençant à trouver qu'il régnait trop longtemps, s'emparèrent à main armée de ce qu'il s'était réservé, lui assignant seulement un revenu pour vivre et soutenir son rang; ce revenu fut encore graduellement diminué, et ce qui causa à Leir le plus de douleur, cela se fit avec une extrême dureté de la part de ses filles, qui semblaient penser que tout «ce qu'avait leur père était de trop, si petit que cela fût jamais; si bien qu'allant de l'une à l'autre, Leir arriva à cette misère qu'elles lui accordaient à peine un serviteur pour être à ses ordres.» Le vieux roi, désespéré, s'enfuit du pays et se réfugia dans la Gaule, où Cordélia et son mari le reçurent avec de grands honneurs; ils levèrent une armée et équipèrent une flotte pour le reconduire dans ses États, dont il promit la succession à Cordélia, qui accompagnait son père et son mari dans cette expédition. Les deux ducs ayant été tués et leurs armées défaites dans une bataille que leur livra Aganippus, Leir remonta sur le trône et mourut au bout de deux ans, quarante ans après son premier avénement. Cordélia lui succéda et régna cinq ans; mais dans l'intervalle, son mari étant mort, les fils de ses soeurs, Margan et Cunedag, se soulevèrent contre elle, la vainquirent et l'enfermèrent dans une prison, où, «comme c'était une femme d'un courage mâle,» désespérant de recouvrer sa liberté, elle prit le parti de se tuer[1].

[Note 1: Chroniques de Hollinshed, Hist. of England, liv. II, ch. V, t. I, p. 12.]

Ce récit de Hollinshed est emprunté à Geoffroi de Monmouth, qui a probablement bâti l'histoire de Leir sur une anecdote d'Ina, roi des Saxons, et sur la réponse de la plus «jeune et de la plus sage des filles» de ce roi, qui, dans une situation pareille à celle de Cordélia, répond de même à son père que, bien qu'elle l'aime, l'honore et révère autant que le demandent au plus haut degré la nature et le devoir filial, cependant elle pense qu'il pourra lui arriver un jour d'aimer encore plus ardemment son mari, avec qui, par les commandements de Dieu, elle ne doit faire qu'une même chair, et pour qui elle doit quitter père, mère, etc. Il ne paraît pas qu'Ina ait désapprouvé le «sage dire» de sa fille; et la suite de l'histoire de Cordélia est probablement un développement que l'imagination des chroniqueurs aura fondé sur cette première donnée. Quoi qu'il en soit, la colère et les malheurs du roi Lear avaient, avant Shakspeare, trouvé place dans plusieurs poëmes, et fait le sujet d'une pièce de théâtre et de plusieurs ballades. Dans une de ces ballades, rapportée par Johnson sous le titre de: A lamentable song of the death of king Leir and his three daughters, Lear, comme dans la tragédie, devient fou, et Cordélia ayant été tuée dans la bataille, que gagnent cependant les troupes du roi de France, son père meurt de douleur sur son corps, et ses soeurs sont condamnées à mort par le jugement «des lords et nobles du royaume.» Soit que la ballade ait précédé ou non la tragédie de Shakspeare, il est très-probable que l'auteur de la ballade et le poëte dramatique ont puisé dans une source commune, et que ce n'est pas sans quelque autorité que Shakspeare, dans son dénoûment, s'est écarté des chroniques qui donnent la victoire à Cordélia. Ce dénoûment a été changé par Tatel, et Cordélia rétablie dans ses droits. La pièce est demeurée au théâtre sous cette seconde forme, à la grande satisfaction de Johnson, et, dit M. Steevens, «des dernières galeries» (upper gallery). Addison s'est prononcé contre ce changement.

Quant à l'épisode du comte de Glocester, Shakspeare l'a imité de l'aventure d'un roi de Paphlagonie, racontée dans l'Arcadia de Sidney; seulement, dans le récit original, c'est le bâtard lui-même qui fait arracher les yeux à son père, et le réduit à une condition semblable à celle de Lear. Léonatus, le fils légitime, qui, condamné à mort, avait été forcé de chercher du service dans une armée étrangère, apprenant les malheurs de son père, abandonne tout au moment où ses services allaient lui procurer un grade élevé, pour venir, au risque de sa vie, partager et secourir la misère du vieux roi. Celui-ci, remis sur son trône par le secours de ses amis, meurt de joie en couronnant son fils Léonatus; et Plexirtus, le bâtard, par un hypocrite repentir, parvient à désarmer la colère de son frère.

Il est évident que la situation du roi Lear et celle du roi de Paphlagonie, tous deux persécutés par les enfants qu'ils ont préférés, et secourus par celui qu'ils ont rejeté, ont frappé Shakspeare comme devant entrer dans un même sujet, parce qu'elles appartenaient à une même idée. Ceux qui lui ont reproché d'avoir ainsi altéré la simplicité de son action ont prononcé d'après leur système, sans prendre la peine d'examiner celui de l'auteur qu'ils critiquaient. On pourrait leur répondre, même en parlant des règles qu'ils veulent imposer, que l'amour des deux femmes pour Edmond qui sert à amener leur punition, et l'intervention d'Edgar dans cette portion du dénoûment, suffisent pour absoudre la pièce du reproche de duplicité d'action; car, pourvu que tout vienne se réunir dans un même noeud facile à saisir, la simplicité de la marche d'une action dépend beaucoup moins du nombre des intérêts et des personnages qui y concourent que du jeu naturel et clair des ressorts qui la font mouvoir. Mais, de plus, il ne faut jamais oublier que l'unité, pour Shakspeare, consiste dans une idée dominante qui, se reproduisant sous diverses formes, ramène, continue, redouble sans cesse la même impression. Ainsi comme, dans Macbeth, le poëte montre l'homme aux prises avec les passions du crime, de même dans le Roi Lear, il le fait voir aux prises avec le malheur, dont l'action se modifie selon les divers caractères des individus qui le subissent. Le premier spectacle

Vous aimez cet aperçu ?
Page 1 sur 1